Classical Management Theory Free Essays

Classical management theory, for all it’s rationality and potential to improve efficiency, dehumanised the practice of management (Inkson Kolb, 2001). Choosing either bureaucracy or scientific management, discuss this quote and argue whether modern business’ continues to dehumanise. People’s conception of the nature of work and the social relationships between individuals in various levels in organizations changed, brought by the industrial revolution of the late 1800s. We will write a custom essay sample on Classical Management Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Classical management believed in work specialization. That is, that work should be organized and divided according to one’s specific individual skill. There are three subfields of management, each with a slightly different emphasis: scientific management, bureaucratic organisations and administrative principles (Wrege Stoka, 1978). Using scientific management, we will explore the ways it dehumanised the practice of management. Firstly, by discussing it’s systematic approach that was designed by Frederick Taylor, to solely improve productivity by reducing the amount of time and effort needed in solving a task. Secondly, by exploring how human needs and considerations were given little or no regard. Then lastly, how the human relations movement was formed and the ways it ‘humanised’ the practice of management to become what modern management is today. Scientific management was a systematic approach that was designed by Frederick Taylor, one of the original advocates of scientific management, to solely improve productivity by introducing a machine-like structure that reduced the amount of time and effort needed. His philosophy is encapsulated in his statement, â€Å"In the past the man has been first. In the future, the system must be first† (Wren, 1979). This job redesign was at the heart of the scientific management movement, and efforts to simplify job design reached its peak in the assembly-line production techniques that became popular in the early 1900s. It formed the basis for what became known as the scientific management movement, and had the following characteristics; Machine pacing – this was when the production rate was determined by the speed of the conveyor belt, not by the workers themselves. Task repetitiveness – tasks were performed over and over during a single work shift. On auto assembly lines, for example, typical work cycles (that is, times allowed for completion of an entire piece of work) ranged from thirty seconds to one and a half minutes. This means a worker performed the same task up to 500 times a day. Next were low skill requirements – jobs could be easily learnt and workers were easily replaced. Task specialization – each job consisted of only a few operations. Limited social interaction was also a factor – due to the speed of the assembly line, noise and physical separation. Finally, tools and techniques specified – selected tools and techniques were assigned by staff specialists (usually industrial engineers) to maximize efficiency. As you can see, organisations had machine-like structures, which increased a workers speed and expertise in one specialised area. It also reduced the amount of time spent on a task and the effort of teaching them a range of skills, which in turn helped the business achieve organizational productivity and efficiency. But buy doing so; management lost its human side. Human needs and considerations of its workers were given little or no regard. Therefore Taylor felt the worker was, essentially, just part of a huge line of processes. Although the techniques led to an increase in output as well an increase in efficiency, problems with this new form of management began to arise. Firstly, it became increasingly apparent that factors other than money had motivating potential for workers to increase output and efficiency. Second, managers became aware that many employees would work consistently without the need for close supervision and control. Lastly, some managers attempted job simplification techniques without having the need to increase pay when there was an increase in output. It’s failure to deal with the social context and workers’ needs led to increased conflict between managers and employees (Samson Daft, 2009), as wages fell behind productivity and as increased efficiency lead to cuts in the number of workers. Job fractionation lead to unauthorized breaks, as people did not like their jobs. Workers reacted by refusing to co-operate, and unionization efforts and sabotage also became more common during this period. Over time, concern for improving worker’s attitudes arose and by the 1930s, behavioural scientists began looking at ways to make employees happier on the job. As we have just discussed, the benefits that arose from scientific management seemed outweighed by the multiple drawbacks we have just highlighted, relating the human needs and considerations of workers. Thus, the idea based on rationality and technique almost seemed to â€Å"dehumanise the practice of management†, through this statement Inkson Kolb (2001) understood. This emphasis on the human factor in employee performance became known as the human relations movement. Management now realized that people wanted to feel useful and important at work. Attention moved away from scientific measurement of fractionation towards a better understanding of the nature of interpersonal and group relations on the job. Motivation had taken a shift from the piece-rate approach to having a stronger social emphasis. â€Å"Hardly a competent workman can be found who does not devote a considerable amount of time to studying just how slowly he can work and still convince his employer that he is going at a good pace† (Taplin, 2006). This quote reflects the previous generally accepted mentality of the average worker, in that their sole motivation was money – the human relations movement changed all of this. Workers wanted to be recognized as individuals and it was concluded that it was failure to treat employees as human beings was largely responsible for poor performance, low morale, high job turnover, absenteeism, among other problems. Because of these problems, an effort was made by managers to make employees feel important and involved. Morale surveys, for instance, became popular as an indicator within organizations, as well as departmental meetings and company newspapers. Supervisory training programmes were initiated to train managers in group dynamics. These were all attempts to help employees feel involved and important to the organisation. As you can see, scientific management, in all it’s rationality, had ultimately dehumanised the practice of management to the point where scientific research was undertaken to better understand the worker and recognize them as individuals. From a modern point of view, the advent of human relations has dramatically changed management techniques today. Although it is constantly changing, two aspects from traditional theories of motivation continue. Firstly, the basic goal of management remained employee compliance with managerial authority. The major differences were the strategies for accomplishing this. Second, nothing has changed in regards to the nature of the job itself. Instead, nterpersonal strategies in the workplace were introduced in an effort to make employees more satisfied and ultimately more productive (Youngblood, 2000). For instance, seminars to improve management and group dynamics were given by businesses to their managers, but their job is still the same. That said, such efforts are aimed at better understanding of human relations in the workplace, to improve employee morale and to recognize workers as individuals and the statement that ‘modern business’ continue to dehumanise’ can no longer be justified. We have discussed the quote â€Å"Classical management theory, for all it’s rationality and potential to improve efficiency, dehumanised the practice of management† (Inkson Kolb, 2001)† and explored the philosophy of scientific management, which was an idea based on rationality and technique. It â€Å"dehumanised the practice of management† through a number of ways which we have explored in this essay. First, through it’s systematic approach designed by Frederick Taylor to solely improve productivity by reducing the amount of time and effort needed in solving a task. Second, by having little or no consideration for the needs of workers – they were merely part of a machine. Although two traditional theories forming the basis of management remain, the human relations movement has greatly impacted management techniques and it’s entire philosophy. From a once fractionised system it has shifted to having a large social emphasis, forming what modern management is today. Therefore, scientific management without a doubt dehumanised the practice of management and the argument that ‘modern business’ continue to dehumanise’ can no longer be supported. How to cite Classical Management Theory, Essay examples

La Dentelliere free essay sample

La Donatello ©re Examine the role of the uneducated woman in society as portrayed by Pascal Lain © in his novel La Donatello ©re. La Donatello ©re by Pascal Lain ©, notably a sociologist and not an author, follows the life of a young girl, Pomme, as she matures Into adulthood. A main theme examined by Lain © throughout the novel is the role of the uneducated woman and the social boundaries a lack of education may pose for them. Primarily he shows this through the vague characterization of Pomme, her mother and her friend Maryl ©ne as well as through her relationship with a man, Almery. To begin, we first see Lain © portray the uneducated woman through Pommes mother. As with Pomme, we never learn the mothers real name, rendering her also insignificant. In the beginning of the novel Pommes mother works as a prostitute in a bar In order to provide for her child after her husband walked out on her, always repeating the phrase A vote service. We will write a custom essay sample on La Dentelliere or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her submissive and subservient attitude demonstrates her lack of education and hence her lower social status than the clients. Furthermore. he accepts her situation In life without asking questions or raying to change it, a trait which she passed on to her daughter: Ellis acceptant tout implement lies joins et lies d ©bores quo lie sort leur distribuait sans profusion Being uneducated has led mother to believe there Is nothing more for her in life than the card fate has dealt them. predominantly,  © uses pommels bland, transparent and impressionable personality to demonstrate her lack of education. As mentioned, Pomme takes after her mother in accepting everything that comes her way. She is entirely without ambition or aspirations for her life and is quite content with her Job at a hairdressing anon doing only the menial tasks for untrained interns: Pomme ne savait ni friser, ni couper, ni telndre. On surety  ¤ ramasser les serviettes. Lain © demonstrates that Isnt capable of having a Job with certain responsibility, but also that she neither cares to find one. Pomme is the inspiration for Lain ©s title La Donatello ©re The Lace maker, a famous picture by Jan vermin. She is both the lace and the lace maker. On one hand she Is fragile, delicate and Intricately woven In her simplicity, but then at the same time is simply transparent, basic Pomme. Lain © uses this Imagery to show that Pommes lack of substance is derived from her uneducated background and she will never be capable of achieving much, yet performs every menial task using all her effort and concentration. t ¤, nimporte locale, deviant i mm ©diatement cet accord, better unite. Furthermore, the social boundaries a lack of education may carry for woman are highlighted through the character of Maryl ©ne, Pommes friend and hairdressing She longs to be of a higher social class but for her it is impossible to change class use to her uneducated background: Maryl ©ne se rendait bien compte quil y avait tout  ¤ c ¶t © delle, des autres gens et du tapage, une humanit © sup ©rieure In fact, social class and education go hand in hand Maryl ©ne was born into a lower social class and hence never received an education meaning that social mobility is unattainable. Lain © here uses Maryl ©ne to highlight the relation between social class and a lack of education. Lain © also achieves this through the failure of Pommes relationship with Almery de B ©lign ©, a man of a much higher social status than her. From the offset of their relationship Almery tries to change Pomme. Despite being deeply attracted to her simplicity, he tries to educate and culture her, playing her Malhers symphony. While Almery is nearly moved to tears listening to the work, Pomme seems entirely unaffected: Pomme s ©tait doucement levee, apr ©s la derni ©re note de la symphonie; elle avait d ©tach © ses mains du poste de radio Puis elle  ©tait all ©e faire la vaisselle qui restait de d ©Jeuner. At this Almery is astounded and somewhat disgusted, showing that he will never accept her for her lack of education and so the elationship between the classes will never be possible. Lain © also demonstrates a distinct difference between the classes by showing Aimerys extreme ambition compared with Pommes lack of drive to achieve anything. On one hand, Almery serait-il un Jour conservateur en chef dun grande muse © national whilst Pomme is content with her basic, mundane life at present, another aspect Almery cannot accept about Pomme. Hence through the failure of their relationship Lain © demonstrates the social confinements for uneducated, lower class women. In summary, Pascal Lain ©s La Dentelli ©re effectively portrays the role that uneducated women play in society and in turn societys social standings. Lain © managed to successfully exhibit, through the use of Pomme, her mother, Maryl ©ne and Pommes relationship with Almery, that the uneducated women of society tend to be of a lower social status and highlights the vicious circle that keeps these women from climbing the social ladder due to their sufficient lack of education oppressing them, keeping them at societys base level. 728 words

Peyton Place Essays (942 words) - Fiction, Literature, Film

Peyton Place In 1956, a woman from middle class Manchester, New Hampshire wrote a book that shocked the nation. At 32 years old, Grace Metalious wrote the blockbuster novel Peyton Place. It transformed the publishing industry and made the author one of the most talked about people in the nation. Metalious wrote about incest, abortion, sex, rape, adultery, repression, lust, and the secrets of small town New England, things that were never discussed before in conservative America. She interpreted incest, wife beating, and poverty as social failures instead of individual flops. When Metalious published Peyton Place, the country was in the grasp of a new wave of sexual panic. The book turned the "private" into the "political." The avant-garde disturbed the country and critics called the book "wicked," "sordid," and "cheap." Canada declared it indecent and made the importation of the book illegal. Parts of Rhode Island, Indiana, and Nebraska followed suit arguing that the book would corrupt young mind s. Wealthy communities banished Peyton Place. To read Peyton Place was to read it in secret and were sometimes discussed only among the closest of friends. Everyone was reading it - college and high school students, college graduates, mothers, wives, and even husbands and fathers. In 1956, a sexual act such as sodomy, oral sex, and intercourse with another married person in most states was illegal. Also, abortion was illegal, and birth control was unreliable and in many cases, difficult to find. To many critics, Metalious' book was not scandalous because of its case in point, but because of the sexual pleasures that were received and given by the female characters. Peyton Place begins with Indian summer in 1939. It takes place in a very descriptive, postcardesque New England town. The main story focuses on three women characters and their underlying search for their identities as sexual women in small town America. Allison Mackenzie is the bastard daughter of Constance Mackenzie who had an affair with a married man. She illegally changed Allison's birth certificate and lied to the Peyton Place locals that her husband died. Connie didn't want any of the town folk to find out the truth that the father of her child was a married man because she would become the town gossip of ridicule. She kept this secret to herself, and only to herself until an argument between her and Allison occurred when Connie thought Allison was having sex with one of her friends, and so she lashed out the truth to Allison. As a child, Allison was always teased about being childish, and not interested in boys, and always into books. But as she grew up she was full of confli cting sexual emotions, and after graduating high school, she left Peyton Place to pursue a writing career in New York. Connie Mackenzie, to her neighbors, was a beautiful, young, widow that owned her own thrift store. Many eligible bachelors Everyone had a desire for her and wished to have her, until Thomas Makris, a teacher from New York City arrives into town to take the job of headmaster at the Peyton Place grade school. Thomas pursues Connie and terrified that he knows her secret, she avoids him. He shows up at her house one night and persuades her to a date, which leads to him raping her. They stay together and end up in marriage. As the third main female character, Selena Cross is probably the most significant. She was the same age as Allison. She lived in a shack with her little brother Joey, deranged mother and alcoholic stepfather, Lucas Cross. She lived an abusive life with Lucas drinking, beating her mother, beating her, and sexually violating her. He gets Selena pregnant and she secretly gets an illegal abortion from the town doctor, who forces Lucas to disappear from Peyton Place and never come back or everyone will know what he did to his daughter. Selena works at Connie's store and becomes manager when her mother, stricken with cancer, commits suicide. In 1944, during a snowstorm, Lucas Cross, now part of the U.S. Navy, shows up at Selena's house drunk and coming on to her. One thing leads to another and she kills him, and her and

Compare Bigger Thomas and the Invisible Men essays

Compare Bigger Thomas and the Invisible Men essays Compare Bigger Thomas, the protagonist of Native Son, to the unnamed protagonist and narrator of Invisible Man It was observed by Socrates that an unexamined life is not worth living. If that is true, then Bigger Thomas tragedy of Richard Wrights novel of the African-American 20th century experience is that of a tragedy of an unexamined life. Thomas begins the novel as a chauffeur, working in an occupation where he can see the lives of rich white people, but cannot dream of living such a lifestyle. He lives in fear of whites, and accidentally smothers Mary, the daughter of his employer, and conceals his crime, when he is trying to prevent the drunken girl from awakening anyone, and cause him to be accused of rape. Only at the end of the novel, when talking to a white communist defense lawyer, does Bigger gain a sense of how poorly he has been treated as an African-American throughout his existence. Bigger is a largely passive character, and the moral center of his family is clearly his mother, not Bigger. Even the young girl he accidentally killed, Mary, exploited him in a well-meaning fashion, as she asked Bigger to take her boyfriend and herself to Harlem to listen to jazz and eat soul food, an action that both disgusted and terrified Bigger. In contrast, Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man lives an all too examined life. His narrator is painfully aware of how racism limits his circumstances. He too has been treated in a patronizing fashion by whites-but not by people who want to act black, but by whites that are supposedly are trying to improve his race through education. At one point, in the presence of a white man, a trustee of the all-black university he attends, he accidentally stumbles into a nightclub, but the disgust, fear, and shame he feels during the event is not simply because of the actions of the trustee, but also because of the behavior of his fellow African-Americans. The...

People of Jewish Heritage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

People of Jewish Heritage - Essay Example In addition to this, they Jews have freewill to do what they wish. However, everyone is responsible for the choices he makes. They also believe they are connected to each other regardless of where they live. They form one global Jewish community. They also respect the Torah because it contains all the commandments given by God (Purnell, 2013). Jews believe in life after death. They believe that their souls continue to flourish even in death. They also argue that nothing should be used on a patient to prevent them from dying a natural death or extending their dying process. Therefore, drugs may be viewed as substance which prevents death. It would be in appropriate for a heath practitioner to treat a patient using drugs and yet the chances of the patient to survive are very minimal. However, regardless of the patient health condition, pain among the patients must be relieved at all cost. The Jews do not carry out autopsy on the dead because they believe that a person’s body should not be interfered with so that they can use it in the afterlife (Purnell, 2013). The nurse words of comfort were inappropriate because it is only God who can decide when to give or take a life. Jews do not require another party to confess their sins. Instead, they pray individually and ask God for forgiveness. Nonetheless, the Jews have a personal confession prayer that they carry out when they are sure of death. The confession is called viddui and it might be said by the patient or someone on his behalf in case he is too sick to say. The Jews also believe God is the giver of life and can also take it. In addition to this, the Jews also view sickness as part of life that God has set in motion. They regularly recite a prayer for healing. The prayers can be said anywhere including hospitals. The Jews also have a tradition of visiting one another in hospital to give support and comfort (Purnell, 2013). Care tends to shift from curing measure to relieve of pain, emotional

Econ 336 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Econ 336 - Essay Example However, India was observed to be amid the leading countries to plan a population check but it still failed to attain its objective. The government policies with regard to controlling population have been assessed to be a prime reason behind the success of China and the failure of India. This research paper aims at highlighting the differences in the population policies of both the nations in order to gain a lucid comprehension regarding this definite aspect. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Literature Review 5 Comparison of the Government Policies of India and China 6 Method of Analysis 9 Analysis 9 Conclusion 12 References 13 Introduction India and China have been identified to be the two countries with the highest population along with their respective cultures being as old as thousand years. Both the countries were regarded as young nations in spite of the huge changes related to death as well as birth rates that the nations were undergoing. This pa rticular aspect is believed to hold serious significance in the present history of demographics. The pace of rise in the overall population of the world has been found to gather speed notably during the previous century. The increasing pace of rising population makes it important to comprehend the various aspects manipulating the population development and the consequences that the growth related to population can have and the way governments need to manage their respective population. As mentioned earlier, China has been measured to have the highest population but the rapid rise in terms of rate related to population in India proposes that it would soon surpass the population of China. It needs to be mentioned in this respect that growth is associated with several ways towards the alterations in the population. The endeavors of the nations especially by India towards development can be stated to have triggered the population growth. Therefore, it has been correctly mentioned that t he rise in population was set free with the help of trimming down the rate of mortality and even migration (Coale, 1983). Literature Review India as well as China have been measured to be the two countries across the world that records population above 1 million. Although the population of China has been gauged to be greater than India, but it has similarly been predicted in this context that the population count in India is supposed to exceed the level of China by the year 2025. There have been witnessed a rapid rise in the population rate which has attributed to the factor of higher birth rates in comparison to the death rates. A desire in the family sizes in India was recorded owing to the economic worth associated with children which has also been a contributing factor for the population rise. It has been stated in this regard that devotion towards children or rather the desire for children in the family is perceived by the Indian families to be a kind of intergenerational shift as children are regarded as significant inputs with regard to the production function in relation to the households which is considered to be competent of generating extra household income (Portner, 2001; Dasgupta, 1995; Cochrane, 1975), emotional incentives (Stecklov, 1997; Weil, 1994) and security in the old age (Ehrlich & Lui, 1991). Children are also predicted to entail the competence of acting as a form of insurance in opposition to the deficits in terms of income

Distinguished From Combinations Of Words English Language Essay

Distinguished From Combinations Of Words English Language Essay Composition as a way of word-formation was very productive since Old English period and remains one of the most active types of word-building in Modern English. More than one third of neologisms in English are compound words. The goal of this research is to investigate what is a compound word, how it is built and how it can be distinguished from combinations of words. Enabling Objectives: to study the theory of the topic; to analyze gathered information; to draw relevant conclusions The hypothesis of the given work is that compounds play enormous role in English word formation. The methods of research Theoretical method (reading and analysing the theory of the word-formation in English language, composition); Practical method (searching compounds in Old English, and using Review of the literature : All the materials used by the author while doing this research were theoretical. Compounds and their criteria Compound words are words consisting of at least two stems which occur in the language as free forms (à Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ´ 1986:108). There are compound words among all notional parts of speech, but mostly among nouns and adjectives: synchronic word-formation system of English has a nominal character. Compound words are inseparable vocabulary units which are formally and semantically dependent on their components and relations between them. In Old English domineering structural patters of composition were: noun + noun, adjective + noun, noun + adjective. Here are some examples: Ä «s (ice, noun) + ceald (cold, adjective) = Ä «s-ceald (ice-cold, compound) [Online 1] In Middle English period compound nouns were numerous, for example tablecloth, penknife. New compounds consisted of preposition All the existing classifications of compound words represent a modified classification of Old Sanskrit Grammar where nominative compound words are subdivided into copulative (woman-doctor), determinative (air-mail) and exocentric (cut-throat) which are not typical of the English language. As English compounds consist of free forms it is difficult to distinguish them from combinations of words. [Online 2] What is the difference between a slow coach and a slowcoach? There are several criteria which can help to differentiate between them. 1.. Phonological criterion. Almost all compounds with a few exceptions always show a high stress on the first element. Compound adjectives are doubled-stressed: easy-going, snow-white. 2. Morphological criterion. Criterion of Formal Integrity was introduced by A.I. Smirnitsky. Comparing shipwreck and wreck of a ship with identical sets of morphemes and identical meaning he states that they differ. A word is characterized by structural integrity which is absent in a word-combination. Grammatical formants are added to the whole compound not to every component: shipwrecks, shipwrecks. 3. Syntactic criterion. We have no right to modify any component of a compound word or to change their order or to insert any word into its structure. L. Bloomfield points out that the word black in the phrase black birds can be modified by very, very black birds, but never in a compound blackbirds. 4. Graphical criterion. Compound words may have solid, hyphened and even separate spelling. The lack of uniformity in spelling makes this criterion insufficient and highly unreliable. The historical development of compounds and their Classsification Not all the compound words inherited by the vocabulary of English are preserved in the language in their primary form having undergone various phonetic changes, which reduced them to simple or root words. This process is called simplification of stems. The form of a compound word and its pronounciation may be changed so that it is hardly recognizable. The following examples serve as illustration: woman = wifmann (Old English, woman person), husband = husbonda (Old English, master of the house, bua to dwell). There are three ways to classify compound words. 1. Structural classification. Structurally, compounds are distinguished as endocentric (bookcase, sunrise), exocentric (cut-throat, daredevil), buhuvrihi  [1]  (bigwig, greenhorn) and syntactic compounds which correlate with phrases (baby-sitter) (à Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ´ 1986 :123) 2. According to the type of composition compounds are divided into 3 groups: a) Juxtaposition without linking elements (à Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ´ 1986:123): heartache, bookcase, film-star. b) Compounds with linking vowel and consonant (à Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ´ 1986:123): Afro-American, speedometer, handicraft. c) Compounds with linking elements represented by preposition and conjunction stems (à Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ´ 1986:123): bread-and-butter, father-in-law. There are also lexicalized phrases like (à Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ´ 1986:123) forget-me-not, devil-may-care, dog-in-the-manger. 3. According to the structure of immediate constituents (later in the research IC) compounds are divided into four groups: a) Compounds consisting of simple stems (à Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ´ 1986:123): bottle-neck, stare-gaze; b) Compounds where one IC is derived (à Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ´ 1986:123): beef-eater; c) Compounds where one IC is clipped: X-mas (Christmas) (à Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ´ 1986:123); d) Compounds where one IC is compound: wastepaper-basket (à Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ´ 1986:123). specific features of english compounds The majority of English compounds consist of free forms where combining elements are rare and possess a regular two-stem pattern. Any element playing an attributive function and standing before the main word may be united with it and form a compound word: two-year course, last-minute preparation. Derivational compounds contain two free stems and suffix referring to the whole combination: blue-eyed. There are also a lot of nonce-words among them: save-your-own-soul-ism. A special group of compounds is constituted by reduplicative compounds: reduplicative compounds proper, ablaut combinations and rhyme combinations. New word-forming patterns in composition revealing the influence of extra-linguistic factors can be illustrated by such compounds as teach-in, phone-in, sit-in, etc. These combinations contain a connotation of public protest. Compound words are frequent among nouns and adjectives but the existence of compound verbs in Modern English can be doubted. To blacklist, to over-flow are often called compound verbs. However, for example, to house-keep, to hitch-hike are created not by composition but by back-formation and conversion if treated diachronically. Conclusion To conclude the results of the research it is important to state that after having read and analyzed the theory of composition as a way of English word-formation the author of the research came to the conclusion that compounds have a long history and are one of the most popular ways of word-building in English language. It should be also mentioned that not a single criterion mentioned it the research is sufficient to establish whether we deal with a combination of words or a compound word.