Roles of international financial institutions

Presentation Since commencement at Bretton, the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) have experienced a few changes in their jobs of supporting the worldwide budgetary design. There is some noteworthy advancement with respect to the globalization of business design, which has an incredible lift to remote activity and private investment.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Roles of universal money related establishments explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Poor execution due to ineffectively oversaw created or creating foundations prompted the reconsideration of the job state in controling fumble and in this way upgrading the move of these jobs to other private market-based methodologies. These changes make the private global fund trusts just as the business enterprise areas to assume the principle job in guaranteeing financial advancement other than loaning. This paper is a conversation of the jobs played by the International Financial In stitutions (IFIs) in their command to help by working together with the private segments in interest for altering the strategies to suit the necessary market-arranged turns of events. What job do the money related establishments play in guaranteeing away from of monetary development duties? The twenty-first century requires systems and measure that improve the change of worldwide situations. Today the International monetary foundations (IFIs) are progressively captivating nations that are financially poor into putting resources into clever improvements that help financial development. (IFC Magazine, 2010) This has been conceivable to accomplish because of the severe estimates assumed control over infringement including the universally applied compassionate laws. There are different impediments to the job of IFIs to go about as specialists of elevating and guaranteeing adherence to global helpful laws. These impediments incorporate nations auxiliary and political concerns. The organi zations, in any case, have the preferred position by the reality of being in a place of publically making cruel expressions against such nations, showing the country’s level of enduring infringement or capacity to assimilate them. They can put weight behind the philanthropic law in this way driving those needing backing to comply with the guidelines. (Viknin, 2005) With this thinking, they have the main job in examining a country’s pledge to exemption before advancing or subsidizing ventures. The organizations have the shared job of impacting commitment regardless of whether emblematically implied for money related considerations.Advertising Looking for article on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The consistent development of the private creating markets contributes massively to fill the required venture of streaming capital. The establishments bolster the development of the reserve funds hole in the creating countries and decrease individuals reliance by enhancing and sourcing assets as far as deliberately arranged speculations. As per Wogan (2010), the money related foundations utilize the progression of private cash-flow to fill the budgetary holes by passing on innovations, changing the market practices, putting resources into the upgrade of administrative aptitudes and assets circulation channels. They subsequently have a vital job in evaluating the effect coming about because of the progression of private capital on the creating economies. The global budgetary bodies need to assume the job of changing business sector positions. The customary targets of a portion of these organizations, for example, the World Bank and the IMF involve rise of neediness in creating nations, improving estimates that advance monetary development and assurance of the earth. Different establishments like the EBRD have concocted a unique job of encouraging change of its tasks to cover the open market economies by increasing the living expectations of those engaged with acquiring through illuminating and extending their privileges just as managing in their essential decisions. In accordance with the World Bank reports (2002), presently, the monetary foundations are face up to cultivating improvement through extension of the private division chances of creating financial objectives. They need to guarantee the poor take part in exercises supporting earth manageable development. The establishments can guarantee this development by helping the governments’ job of making the conditions vital for advertise direction towards the accomplishments and by being members in contributing. They should work with the private segments to grow to become taking an interest financial specialists in the private segments by improving the progression of working capital. By and large, the job cultivates the convention job of balancing out the macroeconomic firms just as guara nteeing arrangement of the necessary physical, legitimate and dictator infrastructure.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Roles of global budgetary establishments explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In teaming up with the private divisions, the money related organizations are obliged to think like them by subject to the elements of chances in the market. They along these lines address the difficulties of improving innovativeness and adaptability to react to advertise needs proficiently. This was evidential when the World Bank changed to a foundation back in quest for inspiring the private parts since they were exceptionally persuasive to the financial development and was less revered to debasement. (2002) the help of the private foundations requires the banks to submit to the adaptability and secrecy engaged with privatized tasks. Commitment with new job accompanies extra offices, for example, responsibility and further business chance investig ation, shirking and control societies. (Mirza, 2006) They have a urgent job in thinking of operational principals for all around run foundations. They expect to extend the private parts; subsequently they should avoid those exercises that the portions are in a decent situation to deal with and rather participate in exercises that make a huge commitment to the transitional procedure of monetary development. They have the job of connecting with other money related foundations to help with putting down the financing required for a picked speculation. This is a fundamental job in the progress procedure and the accomplishment of a more extensive point of view for improvement. Today the monetary organizations have the job of subsidizing the structure of other money related establishments in the neighborhood markets. This is a measure to fortify their capital base through putting resources into ventures offering wide points of view. There is a critical requirement for well working money re lated branches to satisfy the pretended by the monetary loaning foundations in satisfying the market economies. They go about as mediators to gather reserve funds and put them in the point of instructing hard budgetary distributions into the financial recuperation attempts that upgrade improvement. One of the customary jobs played by the monetary establishment involves financing of effective foundation. (IFC Magazine, 2006) The imperatives experienced on the vast majority of the budgetary portions implies that further economically situated speculations are required for improving access to the private money related divisions. Significant markets disciplines should fortify control of expenses and limit chances as a proportion of giving income as an order presented by the budgetary organizations today.Advertising Searching for exposition on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Decision another attention available arranged economies is profoundly supporting the progression of capital put essentially in the private segment. The essential help by most of the budgetary establishments appears to move objectives to the advancement of the private area by benefiting from their qualities while limiting the dangers in question. The private markets and capital streams included are incredible powers that speak to huge open doors for development. The money related organizations should give clear principals with respect to the choice and plan. By supporting the private parts, the monetary organizations mean to energize or impact them into advancing the enterprises that they can't reach. A very much constructed money related and physical foundation makes occupations openings and empowers expansive market developments. Thinking about the different jobs of the organizations, they can meet the high social and natural norms of the organizations by upgrading strategies to be trailed by customers, which they educate during their undertakings bolster procedures or warning administrations to help financing ventures. References IFC magazine. (2010) Role of global money related organizations. Recovered from https://www.ifc.org/errorpage.html Mirza, A. (2006, July 25). Overseeing Risk in the Financial Sector. Recovered from http://ezinearticles.com/The World Bank. 2002. Worldwide Development Finance. Washington DC European Bank of Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). Change Report 2000. London. Vaknin, Ph.D., S. (2005, April 8). Budgetary Crises, Global Capital Flows, and the International Financial Architecture. Wogan, J. (2010, January 18). The Importance and Role of the Bank of England. Recovered from http://ezinearticles.com/ This paper on Roles of universal money related foundations was composed and put together by client Crimson Dynamo to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here.

IT Resources OF Schaffer Corporation- Samples for Students

Question: Examine about the IT Resources OF Schaffer Corporation. Answer: Foundation of the Company The central command of Schaffer Corporation is in Vilonia. The company gained palatable ground on 2002 where the yearly offer of the association is around 2 billion dollars. The association involves three divisions that are independent. Reitzel division which is one of the three divisions of Schaffer contributes 80% of the complete benefit for the Schaffer. This division of Schaffer has the potential for most extension other that any two divisions of Schaffer. In past three divisions of Schaffer has own IT offices for their various divisions. Recent years the organization has incorporated the IT branches of three divisions together. The organization has concentrated Information Technology frameworks. In 2002 the aspiration just as the vision had been set up by overseeing chief. This helped them to recognize that the associations IT division doesn't has the capacity of satisfying their needs in future. Hence, a questionable issue exists in the association about the re-appropriating. Advantages Company will Achieved by Outsourcing The administration suggested that redistributing of the IT assets will help in the formative procedure in Schaeffer. The administration additionally distinguished that redistributing IT organizations will help in expanding the efficiencies in IT field went with limiting the expense just as accomplishing objectives (Schwarz, 2014). The administration of the organization has a firm trust that the association will get numerous advantages once they accomplish redistributing. The administration additionally recognizes that the IT office inside the association can't meet the prerequisites, which is fundamentally required for the extension of the association on the ground of imaginative product offerings just as administrations. On the off chance that the association is keeping up inward IT office it would be unreasonably costly for them (Gonzlez, Gasc Llopis, 2016). On re-appropriating the assets of IT the association will pick up control in costs. Setting up IT office is excessively exorbitant and have limitations on the association. On redistributing the IT assets the cost will likewise decrease for division of IT in the field of preparing cost and work cost. The way toward redistributing will likewise help in expanding the adaptability of the association just as the board will likewise improve. The upkeep of IT f oundations will drove in expanding the weight of the association, which can be limit with the assistance of redistributing (Willcocks Cullen, 2013). Redistributing its assets will help in sparing the capital consumption and the reserve required for providing the product and equipment. In addition, the enterprise venture for buying programming, preparing of workers and executing new advances won't be require if the assets are been re-appropriated. This will give preferences to Schaffer on the drawn out premise by returning significant yields (Pfaller et al., 2014). One of the essential explanations behind re-appropriating the IT representatives are the organization required talented experts. Since IT isn't the center competency for the association it will allow them to focus on giving results of high caliber. So IT re-appropriating will help in moving the weight of IT to the representatives having more information and aptitude on the specific field. In this way, re-appropriating the representatives will help the organization in sparing time just as assets for trainings of workers (Davy, 2014). Schaffer will have the capacity of working as level 1 supplier of administrations on redistributing astounding nature of suppliers of administration. Re-appropriating is a noteworthy thought as it helps the organization in accomplishing their objective by getting administrations of very good quality. Steps Taken for creating RFP All together for building up the solicitation for proposition on IT benefits needs profundity information on the necessity of the association based on assets just as frameworks. The company required to enlist outside specialist for aiding in look into just as building up the solicitation for proposition alongside the administration (Venter, 2016). This grants better comprehension of the prerequisite of Schaffer. The above procedure isn't short as the time taken by specialist for gathering information just as data on the sort of foundation required by Schaffer in the field of IT for working at vital level is around one year. In planning RFP it is required for completely specifying its particular foundations just as the dedication that will be satisfied by re-appropriate organization. In building up the RFP it is additionally required for giving the expense to every movement alongside the present and expected evaluated cost (Blanco, Garca-Pealvo Sein-Echaluce, 2013). The normal cost sh ould have been contrasted and the present expense for deciding if it would be favorable for the partnership to redistribute IT. These means are required for the giving of RFP, which makes some reaction memories for 2 months for the agreement organization (St Nam, 2015). Job of Outside Consultant The workforce of Schaffer had limited information on choosing the potential merchants for the way toward redistributing IT divisions (Ashrafi et al., 2014). The outside expert Gartner helped them in distinguishing and detecting the IT administrations they required and the re-appropriating organizations that has the abilities in meeting their global necessities (Howlett Migone, 2013). The redistributing organizations helps in hardware finding, declaring the jobs of workers, procedures of IT information and ID of administrations required by Schaffer so as to re-appropriate for accomplishing the objectives of future (Sabri et al., 2014). After assortment of data and processing them the organizations suggested by Gartner are ABC and DEF, which have the limit with respect to meeting the particular necessities in future to help their worldwide development. Gartner likewise caution the team of corporate that the way toward redistributing probably won't be the effective choice for cost inves tment funds (Gunter Mills, 2017). Hindrances of Outsourcing raised by directors As indicated by the divisional directors of Schaffer there are a few disservices for re-appropriating IT office. Its division assumes a critical job for the achievement of the organization as data and information are viewed as the core of the organization. It is huge to take thought cautiously in regards to the choices of IT office (Dinu, 2015). The worry exists that in the event that the relationship fizzles with ABC Company, at that point the organization can take the technique of understaffing and the ABC administration level will decrease the quality. The burdens of re-appropriating its administrations are it includes significant expenses just as dangers. The other divisional administration got alarm as they believe that the choice are been taken gullibly without seeing completely the cost that the organization will be going to pay for re-appropriating on a long haul (Betz Tidona, 2015). The redistributing cost is actually equivalent to in-house cost of IT that is around 20 million dollars based on the offer occurred. There is additionally an opportunity that ABC Company, in future may not proceed in addressing the requirements of the organization and that will be an enormous misfortune for the organization. Besides the value-based volume may likewise not be anticipated by Schaffer and ABC. It might yields in causing startling expense just as future vulnerabilities (Li Wan, 2014). It was likewise been talked about that ABC will basically focuses on the division Reitzel as it has the capability of development among the three divisions that Schaffer have. The other two divisions may likewise feel that they are not been given the needs that can unfavorably influenced the deals just as development. The above impediments stood up to by the divisional directors in regards to Schaffers re-appropriating its administrations are very self-evident. There lie huge vulnerabilities just as high dangers with redistributing, hence before executing it intensive investigation is required (Ahmed, Perera IllanNoon, 2015). A few directors have recommended a third other option: re-appropriate the IT framework for the particular division as it were. Which option do you figure they ought to pick, and why On the field of redistributing in Schaffer organization the Gartner Consulting Group introduced two choices before the administration. The two alternatives introduced by Gartner are keep up the IT sourcing as of now present inside the association or Outsourcing IT division to ABC Corporation. The third alternative introduced by the VP of Colbert Division is to re-appropriate the IT office to ABC Corporation just for the division of Reitzel and keeping up interior It hotspot for the division of Kinzer and Colbert. The administration of Schaffer can take the best choice by re-appropriating the full necessities of IT to ABC. On the off chance that the association chooses for keep up the in-place of sourcing of IT at a similar level they might be fit for keeping up the present creation level and won't be capable in accomplishing new objectives for additional development just as procurement in Europe. In the present division of IT Schaffer has just 7 workers. In this manner the procedure of enlistment will take a lot of time. It will likewise not be a savvy procedure for recruiting the workers that is required for the development of the venture (Teo Bhattacharjee, 2014). The administration evaluated that for building up the prerequisites of IT they will require a spending plan of around 200 million dollars. The subsequent choice is redistributing the full IT division to the re-appropriating organization ABC Corporation that will help the organization in increasing greater adaptability. On re-appropriating this particular office the dull work of recruiting representatives as per the prerequisites. The re-appropriating will cause ABC Corporation to be subject for the full IT office with respect to recruiting, obtaining gear just as preparing (Xi, Xu Todo, 2013). This helps the association in realloc

Help Your Students Conquer the Dreaded Blank Page

Help Your Students Conquer the Dreaded Blank Page (0) For students who LOVE to write, there are few things more exciting than a blank page. They don’t see white space; they see opportunity, and they can’t wait to get started. For many students, however, the opposite is true; just the sight of all that white, empty space fills them with dread. For them, the blank page is a vast wasteland stretching for miles and miles; they have to fill it, and they don’t have a clue how to begin. Enter the writing prompt! Writing prompts are an excellent way to create a safe environment that encourages all students, even the most reluctant writers, to express their thoughts without reservation. Students can step out of their personal comfort zones and focus on what they want to say, instead of how they’re saying it. This approach helps them quiet that “self-editing” voice that often forces them to proceed with caution, overthinking every word. Writing prompts can also be effective in helping students break through writer’s block, providing a space to record free-flowing thought they can always revisit and organize at a later time if they choose. Writing prompts can be very open-ended and creative, with little to no structure, so students can let their thoughts flow. Some popular types of word prompts include: Open-ended Prompts Give students a simple prompt and ask them to write whatever comes to mind. For example, you might present the following ideas: It must be interesting to be a bumblebee because… No matter how long I live, I’ll never… Sample Scenarios Present a situation and give characters, a setting, objects, or plot ideas and ask students to weave them all together in a way that makes sense. Try this sample scenario: You walk into your Science classroom and notice no one is there. You’re not late, but the room is completely unoccupied. You notice there is an empty soda can on the floor near the back wall. Just above it, on the wall, there appears to be a chalk drawing of a famous cartoon hero.  You notice that the room isn’t quite silent; there’s a faint humming noise, and it sounds like it’s coming from the chalk drawing. What happened? Question Prompts Pose a question students can answer any way they like.  You might ask the following: If you could have any superpower, what would it be and why? Picture Give students a picture and have them write a story about what they see. For example: It’s a good idea to offer students a choice of prompts.  This gives them greater control over their writing, and could provide the spark that leads to greater creativity. Help your students conquer the blank space!

Should The Texas Criminal Justice System Be Legal

Texas has always been known to have a strict criminal justice system. The justice system in Texas used to hang criminals for serious crimes they were convicted of doing. Texas has never been faced with the question we face them with today. Should the Texas criminal justice system be able to charge juveniles as adults in trials when faced with serious charges? Prosecutors are using both sides of this argument to their advantage. In Texas, the Juvenile Law states that, â€Å"a juvenile is defined as a person who is not old enough to be held responsible for criminal acts.† In order for a juvenile to be tried as an adult, a prosecutor can use one of many ways to go about this. One way prosecutors can proceed, in trying the juvenile as an adult, is by exercising the 2011 Senate Bill 1209. This bill gives counties in Texas the option to hold certified youth in juvenile facilities while they await trial. However, the law does not state specifically that they have to be detained in a juvenile facility. The juveniles can also be detained in an adult facility. Another way prosecutors are trying juveniles as adults is by not allowing the rehabilitation programs to run their course when the juvenile turns 19 years of age. The argument has also been made that juveniles in prison for nonviolent offenses are much different in the adult prison system. A prosecutor may exercise their right to try a juvenile as an adult in the case of there being multiple people being murdered, the murder of aShow MoreRelatedA Case of Juvenile Justice Essays1116 Words   |  5 PagesCharlie – A Case in Juvenile Justice Melissa Thomas CJ420 – Juvenile Justice Prof. Amy Ng December 4, 2012 Abstract Children are gifts from above and need guidance and love. If either one is absent then they are at risk of becoming juvenile offenders or career criminals. 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In criminal justice the federalRead MoreThe Economic Impact Of Illegal Immigration902 Words   |  4 Pagesimmigrants in Texas has brought concerns for the state s economy. Such as opportunities, health care, and education. Illegal immigrants contribute both positively and negatively to the Texas economy. They contribute positively by paying for taxes such as sales taxes, health taxes and taxes imposed on items. The negative impacts these immigrants have on the Texas economy seems to overweigh these positive impacts. Their presence has made general wages go down for unqualified native Texas workers. They

Sin A Necessity Of Puritan Society - 1678 Words

Sin: A Necessity in Puritan Society In 1986, a nuclear power plant at Chernobyl melted down, causing thousands to be evacuated. Fortunately, no one was harmed in this incident. This disaster raised awareness of the potential dangers that could arise from nuclear power plants. Since then, large steps have been taken to increase the safety in power plants to ensure that another accident does not happen. By learning from this mistake, experts have been able to ensure that nuclear power plants are safer, and that another, more serious accident will not occur. Mistakes, despite their potential consequences, can have very large benefits when a lesson is drawn from them. People must learn not only from their own mistakes, but from ones that others make as well. Mistakes range from breaking the law, to failing a test, and even an accidental nuclear meltdown, but each mistake holds its own benefit to society, and the individual. In Puritan society, the mistakes of people are equivalent to sin. Puritans believe that sins have th e potential to lead to the destruction of society. However, despite this belief, Puritan literature seems to suggest that sin serves a crucial function in society. Through the works of Arthur Miller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and John Winthrop, the benefits of sin become evident. Puritan literature implies that sin has two large benefits. The first is benefit to society, by setting an example of what is wrong and allowing sinners to more effectively serve theirShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter Paper1007 Words   |  5 PagesThe Scarlet Letter Sin Debate In Nathanial Hawthorne’s famous standard of American literature, The Scarlett Letter, Hawthorne examines individual cases of sin occurring within society known for its intolerance of sin and strict religious principles, the Puritans. In The Scarlet Letter , each of the main characters, whether protagonist or antagonist, are guilty of a sin or form of â€Å"evil†. 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Classical Management Theory Free Essays

Classical management theory, for all it’s rationality and potential to improve efficiency, dehumanised the practice of management (Inkson Kolb, 2001). Choosing either bureaucracy or scientific management, discuss this quote and argue whether modern business’ continues to dehumanise. People’s conception of the nature of work and the social relationships between individuals in various levels in organizations changed, brought by the industrial revolution of the late 1800s. We will write a custom essay sample on Classical Management Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Classical management believed in work specialization. That is, that work should be organized and divided according to one’s specific individual skill. There are three subfields of management, each with a slightly different emphasis: scientific management, bureaucratic organisations and administrative principles (Wrege Stoka, 1978). Using scientific management, we will explore the ways it dehumanised the practice of management. Firstly, by discussing it’s systematic approach that was designed by Frederick Taylor, to solely improve productivity by reducing the amount of time and effort needed in solving a task. Secondly, by exploring how human needs and considerations were given little or no regard. Then lastly, how the human relations movement was formed and the ways it ‘humanised’ the practice of management to become what modern management is today. Scientific management was a systematic approach that was designed by Frederick Taylor, one of the original advocates of scientific management, to solely improve productivity by introducing a machine-like structure that reduced the amount of time and effort needed. His philosophy is encapsulated in his statement, â€Å"In the past the man has been first. In the future, the system must be first† (Wren, 1979). This job redesign was at the heart of the scientific management movement, and efforts to simplify job design reached its peak in the assembly-line production techniques that became popular in the early 1900s. It formed the basis for what became known as the scientific management movement, and had the following characteristics; Machine pacing – this was when the production rate was determined by the speed of the conveyor belt, not by the workers themselves. Task repetitiveness – tasks were performed over and over during a single work shift. On auto assembly lines, for example, typical work cycles (that is, times allowed for completion of an entire piece of work) ranged from thirty seconds to one and a half minutes. This means a worker performed the same task up to 500 times a day. Next were low skill requirements – jobs could be easily learnt and workers were easily replaced. Task specialization – each job consisted of only a few operations. Limited social interaction was also a factor – due to the speed of the assembly line, noise and physical separation. Finally, tools and techniques specified – selected tools and techniques were assigned by staff specialists (usually industrial engineers) to maximize efficiency. As you can see, organisations had machine-like structures, which increased a workers speed and expertise in one specialised area. It also reduced the amount of time spent on a task and the effort of teaching them a range of skills, which in turn helped the business achieve organizational productivity and efficiency. But buy doing so; management lost its human side. Human needs and considerations of its workers were given little or no regard. Therefore Taylor felt the worker was, essentially, just part of a huge line of processes. Although the techniques led to an increase in output as well an increase in efficiency, problems with this new form of management began to arise. Firstly, it became increasingly apparent that factors other than money had motivating potential for workers to increase output and efficiency. Second, managers became aware that many employees would work consistently without the need for close supervision and control. Lastly, some managers attempted job simplification techniques without having the need to increase pay when there was an increase in output. It’s failure to deal with the social context and workers’ needs led to increased conflict between managers and employees (Samson Daft, 2009), as wages fell behind productivity and as increased efficiency lead to cuts in the number of workers. Job fractionation lead to unauthorized breaks, as people did not like their jobs. Workers reacted by refusing to co-operate, and unionization efforts and sabotage also became more common during this period. Over time, concern for improving worker’s attitudes arose and by the 1930s, behavioural scientists began looking at ways to make employees happier on the job. As we have just discussed, the benefits that arose from scientific management seemed outweighed by the multiple drawbacks we have just highlighted, relating the human needs and considerations of workers. Thus, the idea based on rationality and technique almost seemed to â€Å"dehumanise the practice of management†, through this statement Inkson Kolb (2001) understood. This emphasis on the human factor in employee performance became known as the human relations movement. Management now realized that people wanted to feel useful and important at work. Attention moved away from scientific measurement of fractionation towards a better understanding of the nature of interpersonal and group relations on the job. Motivation had taken a shift from the piece-rate approach to having a stronger social emphasis. â€Å"Hardly a competent workman can be found who does not devote a considerable amount of time to studying just how slowly he can work and still convince his employer that he is going at a good pace† (Taplin, 2006). This quote reflects the previous generally accepted mentality of the average worker, in that their sole motivation was money – the human relations movement changed all of this. Workers wanted to be recognized as individuals and it was concluded that it was failure to treat employees as human beings was largely responsible for poor performance, low morale, high job turnover, absenteeism, among other problems. Because of these problems, an effort was made by managers to make employees feel important and involved. Morale surveys, for instance, became popular as an indicator within organizations, as well as departmental meetings and company newspapers. Supervisory training programmes were initiated to train managers in group dynamics. These were all attempts to help employees feel involved and important to the organisation. As you can see, scientific management, in all it’s rationality, had ultimately dehumanised the practice of management to the point where scientific research was undertaken to better understand the worker and recognize them as individuals. From a modern point of view, the advent of human relations has dramatically changed management techniques today. Although it is constantly changing, two aspects from traditional theories of motivation continue. Firstly, the basic goal of management remained employee compliance with managerial authority. The major differences were the strategies for accomplishing this. Second, nothing has changed in regards to the nature of the job itself. Instead, nterpersonal strategies in the workplace were introduced in an effort to make employees more satisfied and ultimately more productive (Youngblood, 2000). For instance, seminars to improve management and group dynamics were given by businesses to their managers, but their job is still the same. That said, such efforts are aimed at better understanding of human relations in the workplace, to improve employee morale and to recognize workers as individuals and the statement that ‘modern business’ continue to dehumanise’ can no longer be justified. We have discussed the quote â€Å"Classical management theory, for all it’s rationality and potential to improve efficiency, dehumanised the practice of management† (Inkson Kolb, 2001)† and explored the philosophy of scientific management, which was an idea based on rationality and technique. It â€Å"dehumanised the practice of management† through a number of ways which we have explored in this essay. First, through it’s systematic approach designed by Frederick Taylor to solely improve productivity by reducing the amount of time and effort needed in solving a task. Second, by having little or no consideration for the needs of workers – they were merely part of a machine. Although two traditional theories forming the basis of management remain, the human relations movement has greatly impacted management techniques and it’s entire philosophy. From a once fractionised system it has shifted to having a large social emphasis, forming what modern management is today. Therefore, scientific management without a doubt dehumanised the practice of management and the argument that ‘modern business’ continue to dehumanise’ can no longer be supported. How to cite Classical Management Theory, Essay examples

La Dentelliere free essay sample

La Donatello ©re Examine the role of the uneducated woman in society as portrayed by Pascal Lain © in his novel La Donatello ©re. La Donatello ©re by Pascal Lain ©, notably a sociologist and not an author, follows the life of a young girl, Pomme, as she matures Into adulthood. A main theme examined by Lain © throughout the novel is the role of the uneducated woman and the social boundaries a lack of education may pose for them. Primarily he shows this through the vague characterization of Pomme, her mother and her friend Maryl ©ne as well as through her relationship with a man, Almery. To begin, we first see Lain © portray the uneducated woman through Pommes mother. As with Pomme, we never learn the mothers real name, rendering her also insignificant. In the beginning of the novel Pommes mother works as a prostitute in a bar In order to provide for her child after her husband walked out on her, always repeating the phrase A vote service. We will write a custom essay sample on La Dentelliere or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her submissive and subservient attitude demonstrates her lack of education and hence her lower social status than the clients. Furthermore. he accepts her situation In life without asking questions or raying to change it, a trait which she passed on to her daughter: Ellis acceptant tout implement lies joins et lies d ©bores quo lie sort leur distribuait sans profusion Being uneducated has led mother to believe there Is nothing more for her in life than the card fate has dealt them. predominantly,  © uses pommels bland, transparent and impressionable personality to demonstrate her lack of education. As mentioned, Pomme takes after her mother in accepting everything that comes her way. She is entirely without ambition or aspirations for her life and is quite content with her Job at a hairdressing anon doing only the menial tasks for untrained interns: Pomme ne savait ni friser, ni couper, ni telndre. On surety  ¤ ramasser les serviettes. Lain © demonstrates that Isnt capable of having a Job with certain responsibility, but also that she neither cares to find one. Pomme is the inspiration for Lain ©s title La Donatello ©re The Lace maker, a famous picture by Jan vermin. She is both the lace and the lace maker. On one hand she Is fragile, delicate and Intricately woven In her simplicity, but then at the same time is simply transparent, basic Pomme. Lain © uses this Imagery to show that Pommes lack of substance is derived from her uneducated background and she will never be capable of achieving much, yet performs every menial task using all her effort and concentration. t ¤, nimporte locale, deviant i mm ©diatement cet accord, better unite. Furthermore, the social boundaries a lack of education may carry for woman are highlighted through the character of Maryl ©ne, Pommes friend and hairdressing She longs to be of a higher social class but for her it is impossible to change class use to her uneducated background: Maryl ©ne se rendait bien compte quil y avait tout  ¤ c ¶t © delle, des autres gens et du tapage, une humanit © sup ©rieure In fact, social class and education go hand in hand Maryl ©ne was born into a lower social class and hence never received an education meaning that social mobility is unattainable. Lain © here uses Maryl ©ne to highlight the relation between social class and a lack of education. Lain © also achieves this through the failure of Pommes relationship with Almery de B ©lign ©, a man of a much higher social status than her. From the offset of their relationship Almery tries to change Pomme. Despite being deeply attracted to her simplicity, he tries to educate and culture her, playing her Malhers symphony. While Almery is nearly moved to tears listening to the work, Pomme seems entirely unaffected: Pomme s ©tait doucement levee, apr ©s la derni ©re note de la symphonie; elle avait d ©tach © ses mains du poste de radio Puis elle  ©tait all ©e faire la vaisselle qui restait de d ©Jeuner. At this Almery is astounded and somewhat disgusted, showing that he will never accept her for her lack of education and so the elationship between the classes will never be possible. Lain © also demonstrates a distinct difference between the classes by showing Aimerys extreme ambition compared with Pommes lack of drive to achieve anything. On one hand, Almery serait-il un Jour conservateur en chef dun grande muse © national whilst Pomme is content with her basic, mundane life at present, another aspect Almery cannot accept about Pomme. Hence through the failure of their relationship Lain © demonstrates the social confinements for uneducated, lower class women. In summary, Pascal Lain ©s La Dentelli ©re effectively portrays the role that uneducated women play in society and in turn societys social standings. Lain © managed to successfully exhibit, through the use of Pomme, her mother, Maryl ©ne and Pommes relationship with Almery, that the uneducated women of society tend to be of a lower social status and highlights the vicious circle that keeps these women from climbing the social ladder due to their sufficient lack of education oppressing them, keeping them at societys base level. 728 words

Peyton Place Essays (942 words) - Fiction, Literature, Film

Peyton Place In 1956, a woman from middle class Manchester, New Hampshire wrote a book that shocked the nation. At 32 years old, Grace Metalious wrote the blockbuster novel Peyton Place. It transformed the publishing industry and made the author one of the most talked about people in the nation. Metalious wrote about incest, abortion, sex, rape, adultery, repression, lust, and the secrets of small town New England, things that were never discussed before in conservative America. She interpreted incest, wife beating, and poverty as social failures instead of individual flops. When Metalious published Peyton Place, the country was in the grasp of a new wave of sexual panic. The book turned the "private" into the "political." The avant-garde disturbed the country and critics called the book "wicked," "sordid," and "cheap." Canada declared it indecent and made the importation of the book illegal. Parts of Rhode Island, Indiana, and Nebraska followed suit arguing that the book would corrupt young mind s. Wealthy communities banished Peyton Place. To read Peyton Place was to read it in secret and were sometimes discussed only among the closest of friends. Everyone was reading it - college and high school students, college graduates, mothers, wives, and even husbands and fathers. In 1956, a sexual act such as sodomy, oral sex, and intercourse with another married person in most states was illegal. Also, abortion was illegal, and birth control was unreliable and in many cases, difficult to find. To many critics, Metalious' book was not scandalous because of its case in point, but because of the sexual pleasures that were received and given by the female characters. Peyton Place begins with Indian summer in 1939. It takes place in a very descriptive, postcardesque New England town. The main story focuses on three women characters and their underlying search for their identities as sexual women in small town America. Allison Mackenzie is the bastard daughter of Constance Mackenzie who had an affair with a married man. She illegally changed Allison's birth certificate and lied to the Peyton Place locals that her husband died. Connie didn't want any of the town folk to find out the truth that the father of her child was a married man because she would become the town gossip of ridicule. She kept this secret to herself, and only to herself until an argument between her and Allison occurred when Connie thought Allison was having sex with one of her friends, and so she lashed out the truth to Allison. As a child, Allison was always teased about being childish, and not interested in boys, and always into books. But as she grew up she was full of confli cting sexual emotions, and after graduating high school, she left Peyton Place to pursue a writing career in New York. Connie Mackenzie, to her neighbors, was a beautiful, young, widow that owned her own thrift store. Many eligible bachelors Everyone had a desire for her and wished to have her, until Thomas Makris, a teacher from New York City arrives into town to take the job of headmaster at the Peyton Place grade school. Thomas pursues Connie and terrified that he knows her secret, she avoids him. He shows up at her house one night and persuades her to a date, which leads to him raping her. They stay together and end up in marriage. As the third main female character, Selena Cross is probably the most significant. She was the same age as Allison. She lived in a shack with her little brother Joey, deranged mother and alcoholic stepfather, Lucas Cross. She lived an abusive life with Lucas drinking, beating her mother, beating her, and sexually violating her. He gets Selena pregnant and she secretly gets an illegal abortion from the town doctor, who forces Lucas to disappear from Peyton Place and never come back or everyone will know what he did to his daughter. Selena works at Connie's store and becomes manager when her mother, stricken with cancer, commits suicide. In 1944, during a snowstorm, Lucas Cross, now part of the U.S. Navy, shows up at Selena's house drunk and coming on to her. One thing leads to another and she kills him, and her and

Compare Bigger Thomas and the Invisible Men essays

Compare Bigger Thomas and the Invisible Men essays Compare Bigger Thomas, the protagonist of Native Son, to the unnamed protagonist and narrator of Invisible Man It was observed by Socrates that an unexamined life is not worth living. If that is true, then Bigger Thomas tragedy of Richard Wrights novel of the African-American 20th century experience is that of a tragedy of an unexamined life. Thomas begins the novel as a chauffeur, working in an occupation where he can see the lives of rich white people, but cannot dream of living such a lifestyle. He lives in fear of whites, and accidentally smothers Mary, the daughter of his employer, and conceals his crime, when he is trying to prevent the drunken girl from awakening anyone, and cause him to be accused of rape. Only at the end of the novel, when talking to a white communist defense lawyer, does Bigger gain a sense of how poorly he has been treated as an African-American throughout his existence. Bigger is a largely passive character, and the moral center of his family is clearly his mother, not Bigger. Even the young girl he accidentally killed, Mary, exploited him in a well-meaning fashion, as she asked Bigger to take her boyfriend and herself to Harlem to listen to jazz and eat soul food, an action that both disgusted and terrified Bigger. In contrast, Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man lives an all too examined life. His narrator is painfully aware of how racism limits his circumstances. He too has been treated in a patronizing fashion by whites-but not by people who want to act black, but by whites that are supposedly are trying to improve his race through education. At one point, in the presence of a white man, a trustee of the all-black university he attends, he accidentally stumbles into a nightclub, but the disgust, fear, and shame he feels during the event is not simply because of the actions of the trustee, but also because of the behavior of his fellow African-Americans. The...

People of Jewish Heritage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

People of Jewish Heritage - Essay Example In addition to this, they Jews have freewill to do what they wish. However, everyone is responsible for the choices he makes. They also believe they are connected to each other regardless of where they live. They form one global Jewish community. They also respect the Torah because it contains all the commandments given by God (Purnell, 2013). Jews believe in life after death. They believe that their souls continue to flourish even in death. They also argue that nothing should be used on a patient to prevent them from dying a natural death or extending their dying process. Therefore, drugs may be viewed as substance which prevents death. It would be in appropriate for a heath practitioner to treat a patient using drugs and yet the chances of the patient to survive are very minimal. However, regardless of the patient health condition, pain among the patients must be relieved at all cost. The Jews do not carry out autopsy on the dead because they believe that a person’s body should not be interfered with so that they can use it in the afterlife (Purnell, 2013). The nurse words of comfort were inappropriate because it is only God who can decide when to give or take a life. Jews do not require another party to confess their sins. Instead, they pray individually and ask God for forgiveness. Nonetheless, the Jews have a personal confession prayer that they carry out when they are sure of death. The confession is called viddui and it might be said by the patient or someone on his behalf in case he is too sick to say. The Jews also believe God is the giver of life and can also take it. In addition to this, the Jews also view sickness as part of life that God has set in motion. They regularly recite a prayer for healing. The prayers can be said anywhere including hospitals. The Jews also have a tradition of visiting one another in hospital to give support and comfort (Purnell, 2013). Care tends to shift from curing measure to relieve of pain, emotional

Econ 336 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Econ 336 - Essay Example However, India was observed to be amid the leading countries to plan a population check but it still failed to attain its objective. The government policies with regard to controlling population have been assessed to be a prime reason behind the success of China and the failure of India. This research paper aims at highlighting the differences in the population policies of both the nations in order to gain a lucid comprehension regarding this definite aspect. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Literature Review 5 Comparison of the Government Policies of India and China 6 Method of Analysis 9 Analysis 9 Conclusion 12 References 13 Introduction India and China have been identified to be the two countries with the highest population along with their respective cultures being as old as thousand years. Both the countries were regarded as young nations in spite of the huge changes related to death as well as birth rates that the nations were undergoing. This pa rticular aspect is believed to hold serious significance in the present history of demographics. The pace of rise in the overall population of the world has been found to gather speed notably during the previous century. The increasing pace of rising population makes it important to comprehend the various aspects manipulating the population development and the consequences that the growth related to population can have and the way governments need to manage their respective population. As mentioned earlier, China has been measured to have the highest population but the rapid rise in terms of rate related to population in India proposes that it would soon surpass the population of China. It needs to be mentioned in this respect that growth is associated with several ways towards the alterations in the population. The endeavors of the nations especially by India towards development can be stated to have triggered the population growth. Therefore, it has been correctly mentioned that t he rise in population was set free with the help of trimming down the rate of mortality and even migration (Coale, 1983). Literature Review India as well as China have been measured to be the two countries across the world that records population above 1 million. Although the population of China has been gauged to be greater than India, but it has similarly been predicted in this context that the population count in India is supposed to exceed the level of China by the year 2025. There have been witnessed a rapid rise in the population rate which has attributed to the factor of higher birth rates in comparison to the death rates. A desire in the family sizes in India was recorded owing to the economic worth associated with children which has also been a contributing factor for the population rise. It has been stated in this regard that devotion towards children or rather the desire for children in the family is perceived by the Indian families to be a kind of intergenerational shift as children are regarded as significant inputs with regard to the production function in relation to the households which is considered to be competent of generating extra household income (Portner, 2001; Dasgupta, 1995; Cochrane, 1975), emotional incentives (Stecklov, 1997; Weil, 1994) and security in the old age (Ehrlich & Lui, 1991). Children are also predicted to entail the competence of acting as a form of insurance in opposition to the deficits in terms of income

Distinguished From Combinations Of Words English Language Essay

Distinguished From Combinations Of Words English Language Essay Composition as a way of word-formation was very productive since Old English period and remains one of the most active types of word-building in Modern English. More than one third of neologisms in English are compound words. The goal of this research is to investigate what is a compound word, how it is built and how it can be distinguished from combinations of words. Enabling Objectives: to study the theory of the topic; to analyze gathered information; to draw relevant conclusions The hypothesis of the given work is that compounds play enormous role in English word formation. The methods of research Theoretical method (reading and analysing the theory of the word-formation in English language, composition); Practical method (searching compounds in Old English, and using Review of the literature : All the materials used by the author while doing this research were theoretical. Compounds and their criteria Compound words are words consisting of at least two stems which occur in the language as free forms (à Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ´ 1986:108). There are compound words among all notional parts of speech, but mostly among nouns and adjectives: synchronic word-formation system of English has a nominal character. Compound words are inseparable vocabulary units which are formally and semantically dependent on their components and relations between them. In Old English domineering structural patters of composition were: noun + noun, adjective + noun, noun + adjective. Here are some examples: Ä «s (ice, noun) + ceald (cold, adjective) = Ä «s-ceald (ice-cold, compound) [Online 1] In Middle English period compound nouns were numerous, for example tablecloth, penknife. New compounds consisted of preposition All the existing classifications of compound words represent a modified classification of Old Sanskrit Grammar where nominative compound words are subdivided into copulative (woman-doctor), determinative (air-mail) and exocentric (cut-throat) which are not typical of the English language. As English compounds consist of free forms it is difficult to distinguish them from combinations of words. [Online 2] What is the difference between a slow coach and a slowcoach? There are several criteria which can help to differentiate between them. 1.. Phonological criterion. Almost all compounds with a few exceptions always show a high stress on the first element. Compound adjectives are doubled-stressed: easy-going, snow-white. 2. Morphological criterion. Criterion of Formal Integrity was introduced by A.I. Smirnitsky. Comparing shipwreck and wreck of a ship with identical sets of morphemes and identical meaning he states that they differ. A word is characterized by structural integrity which is absent in a word-combination. Grammatical formants are added to the whole compound not to every component: shipwrecks, shipwrecks. 3. Syntactic criterion. We have no right to modify any component of a compound word or to change their order or to insert any word into its structure. L. Bloomfield points out that the word black in the phrase black birds can be modified by very, very black birds, but never in a compound blackbirds. 4. Graphical criterion. Compound words may have solid, hyphened and even separate spelling. The lack of uniformity in spelling makes this criterion insufficient and highly unreliable. The historical development of compounds and their Classsification Not all the compound words inherited by the vocabulary of English are preserved in the language in their primary form having undergone various phonetic changes, which reduced them to simple or root words. This process is called simplification of stems. The form of a compound word and its pronounciation may be changed so that it is hardly recognizable. The following examples serve as illustration: woman = wifmann (Old English, woman person), husband = husbonda (Old English, master of the house, bua to dwell). There are three ways to classify compound words. 1. Structural classification. Structurally, compounds are distinguished as endocentric (bookcase, sunrise), exocentric (cut-throat, daredevil), buhuvrihi  [1]  (bigwig, greenhorn) and syntactic compounds which correlate with phrases (baby-sitter) (à Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ´ 1986 :123) 2. According to the type of composition compounds are divided into 3 groups: a) Juxtaposition without linking elements (à Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ´ 1986:123): heartache, bookcase, film-star. b) Compounds with linking vowel and consonant (à Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ´ 1986:123): Afro-American, speedometer, handicraft. c) Compounds with linking elements represented by preposition and conjunction stems (à Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ´ 1986:123): bread-and-butter, father-in-law. There are also lexicalized phrases like (à Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ´ 1986:123) forget-me-not, devil-may-care, dog-in-the-manger. 3. According to the structure of immediate constituents (later in the research IC) compounds are divided into four groups: a) Compounds consisting of simple stems (à Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ´ 1986:123): bottle-neck, stare-gaze; b) Compounds where one IC is derived (à Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ´ 1986:123): beef-eater; c) Compounds where one IC is clipped: X-mas (Christmas) (à Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ´ 1986:123); d) Compounds where one IC is compound: wastepaper-basket (à Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒâ€˜Ã…’à Ã‚ ´ 1986:123). specific features of english compounds The majority of English compounds consist of free forms where combining elements are rare and possess a regular two-stem pattern. Any element playing an attributive function and standing before the main word may be united with it and form a compound word: two-year course, last-minute preparation. Derivational compounds contain two free stems and suffix referring to the whole combination: blue-eyed. There are also a lot of nonce-words among them: save-your-own-soul-ism. A special group of compounds is constituted by reduplicative compounds: reduplicative compounds proper, ablaut combinations and rhyme combinations. New word-forming patterns in composition revealing the influence of extra-linguistic factors can be illustrated by such compounds as teach-in, phone-in, sit-in, etc. These combinations contain a connotation of public protest. Compound words are frequent among nouns and adjectives but the existence of compound verbs in Modern English can be doubted. To blacklist, to over-flow are often called compound verbs. However, for example, to house-keep, to hitch-hike are created not by composition but by back-formation and conversion if treated diachronically. Conclusion To conclude the results of the research it is important to state that after having read and analyzed the theory of composition as a way of English word-formation the author of the research came to the conclusion that compounds have a long history and are one of the most popular ways of word-building in English language. It should be also mentioned that not a single criterion mentioned it the research is sufficient to establish whether we deal with a combination of words or a compound word.

Analysis of Literary Elements in Pride and Prejudice

This quote tells the reader that Mr.. Bennett is a multi-characteristic person and than goes on to describe how so. He is a mixture of qualities that all differ from each other such as; humor and reserve. Austin creates this passage to emphasize how versatile Mr.. Bennett can be. This Inclusion of description of Mr.. Bennett also helps the reader understand more about his character and even provide a form of foreshadowing of how he might behave or react in certain situations later in the book. The main purpose of a loose sentence is to create a informal and relaxed tone in a passage.This use of a loose sentence makes the reader feel more unforgettable as they get to know the characters and establishes the book as being a conversational piece. It also presents the tone of this book as being more like a Journal or diary than a formal novel. This example of loose sentence fits Into the books overall style and tone. L Honors English 9- Period 1! 25 August 2014! Literary Analysis #2! â₠¬Å"l would not be so fastidious as you are,† cried Binge, â€Å"for a kingdom! Upon my honor, I never met so many pleasant girls in my life, as I have this evening; are there are several of them you see uncommonly pretty. † (Austin 1 1)!In this passage from Pride and Prejudice, Austin shows contrast between Mr.. Occurs while the characters being foiled, Mr.. Binge and Mr.. Diary, are at a ball and looking for pretty woman to dance with. As Binge finds many of them beautiful, it shows how he is fond of everyone and wants to see the good in them. On the other hand, Diary is more conceited and proud. He is not approving of many people and is quick Judge, resulting in him not dancing. This foiling characterizes the two men so the readers get to know more about who they are. This quote enhances the story by emphasizing the opposition of their character in a elegant language.They both are close friends but view the world differently. As an effect of this foil, the reader gets to understand the characters, their reason for behavior, and understand events that could possibly result because of their personalities later on in the book. Also, the characters get to shine because of how opposite they behave and interact with others. In this context, Mr.. Binge seems a very kind and social person. If Mr.. Diary weren't present to be conceited, Mr.. Binge would come off as an average person. ! Sydney Simpson ! Literary Analysis #3!Elizabeth continued her walk alone, crossing field after field at a quick pace, Jumping over stiles and springing over puddles with impatient activity, and finding herself at last within view of the house, with weary ankles, dirty stockings, and a face glowing with the warmth of exercise. † (Austin 32)! This select quote from Pride and Prejudice exemplifies the literary term imagery very well. Austin uses very detailed words to describe Elizabethan actions and appearances as she attempts to reach the Binge house where Jane reside s. Imagery is a use of vivid language to describe something and create an â€Å"image† in the readers dead.Imagery also awakens the reader's senses to feel, taste, hear, smell, or see what is being described. It is present all throughout Pride and Prejudice. The author uses this to connect the readers to the book. Imagery also helps the reader understand the emotions and thoughts of character by really describing what is happening and how they react in that situation. This quote clearly fits the term because of the texts descriptive voice of how Elizabethan actions convey her emotions. For example, we can see how determined and excited Elizabeth is because it is described so well how she s running to the house despite the rain.When she appears to the door, the Bentleys are appalled to see her in such manner. We as readers understand that because we can picture in our heads exactly what she appears as. ! 26 August 2014! Literary Analysis #4! â€Å"Her performance was pleasing , though by no means capital. † (Austin 25)! ! This quote from Pride and Prejudice uses the literary technique of rhetorical shift. The characteristics of a rhetorical shift include changing the attitude from one to another in a sentence with a conjunction such as but, or, or though.This passage fits refectory because it starts off with a positive attitude towards Charlotte instrumental performance and than shifts the tone to a more negative attitude. We know this because Austin uses the term says â€Å"by no means capital† meaning subpart and not accepted. Using a rhetorical in the text shifts the mood and/or ideas in the passage. In this case, the main idea of the passage before talked about was Mr.. Diary and Charlotte associations with Colonel Forester. Using the rhetorical shift as a transition phrase, the idea's shift to Charlotte performance and her family. Honors English 9- Period 2! 28 August 2014! Literary Analysis #5! â€Å"Other books were produced and afte r some deliberation, he chose Force's Sermons. † (Austin 68)! The literary term allusion is used in this quote from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austin. An allusion is addressed to as a statement that refers to something without mentioning it directly. In this case, the book Force's Sermon's was referred as a book being read to the Bennett girls by Mr.. Collins, their father's cousin and heir to the Bennett estate. The book teaches of sermons or morals to women written by clergyman James Forced in 1766. Mr..Collins is also a clergyman, or member of the leery in church. This hints at Mr.. Collins want for the Bennett girls to follow the sermons of being proper and lady-like. It makes sense because in this time period, family. Mr.. Collins book choice also reveals more about his character and support of women staying at home. It becomes obvious that the Bennett daughters want more for themselves other than a housewife because Lydia is astonished of his book choice and interrupts him because of disinterest. Mr.. Collins than becomes offended and confesses he is surprised how many women don't follow the sermon when it is there for their benefit. !

Research and experimental development Essay

â€Å"Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.† (OECD (2002) Frascati Manual: proposed standard practice for surveys on research and experimental development, 6th edition.)[1] It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories. A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects, or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, or the research and development of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches t o research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, etc. Contents [hide] 1 Forms of research 2 Etymology 3 Definitions 4 Steps in conducting research 5 Scientific research 6 Historical method 7 Research methods 8 Publishing 9 Research funding 10 Original research 10.1 Different forms 11 Artistic research 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Forms of research[edit source | editbeta] Scientific research relies on the application of the scientific method, a harnessing of curiosity. This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature and the properties of the world. It makes practical applications possible. Scientific research is funded by public authorities, by charitable organizations and by private groups, including many companies. Scientific research can be subdivided into different classifications according to their academic and application disciplines. Scientific research is a widely used criterion for judging the standing of an academic institution, such as business schools, but some argue that such is an inaccurate assessment of the institution, because the quality of research does not tell about the quality of teaching (these do not necessarily correlate totally).[2] Research in the humanities involves different methods such as for example hermeneutics and semiotics, and a different, more relativist epistemology. Humanities scholars usually do not search for the ultimate correct answer to a question, but instead explore the issues and details that surround it. Context is always important, and context can be social, historical, political, cultural or ethnic. An example of research in the humanities is historical research, which is embodied in historical method. Historians use primary sources and other evidence to systematically investigate a topic, and then to write histories in the form of accounts of the past. Artistic research, also seen as ‘practice-based research’, can take form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the debatable body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge and truth. Etymology[edit source | editbeta] Aristotle, 384 BC – 322 BC, – one of the early figures in the development of the scientific method.[3] The word research is derived from the Middle French â€Å"recherche†, which means â€Å"to go about seeking†, the term itself being derived from the Old French term â€Å"recerchier† a compound word from â€Å"re-† + â€Å"cerchier†, or â€Å"sercher†, meaning ‘search’.[4] The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577.[4] Definitions[edit source | editbeta] Research has been defined in a number of different ways. A broad definition of research is given by Martyn Shuttleworth – â€Å"In the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge.†[5] Another definition of research is given by Creswell who states – â€Å"Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue†. It consists of three steps: Pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question.[6] The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research in more detail as â€Å"a studious inquiry or examination; especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws†.[4] Steps in conducting research[edit source | editbeta] Research is often conducted using the hourglass model structure of research.[7] The hourglass model starts with a broad spectrum for research, focusing in on the required information through the method of the project (like the neck of the hourglass), then expands the research in the form of discussion and results. The major steps in conducting research are:[8] Identification of research problem Literature review Specifying the purpose of research Determine specific research questions or hypotheses Data collection Analyzing and interpreting the data Reporting and evaluating research Communicating the research findings and, possibly, recommendations The steps generally represent the overall process, however they should be viewed as an ever-changing process rather than a fixed set of steps.[9] Most researches begin with a general statement of the problem, or rather, the purpose for engaging in the study.[10] The literature review identifies flaws or holes in previous research which provides justification for the study. Often, a literature review is conducted in a given subject area before a research question is identified. A gap in the current literature, as identified by a researcher, then engenders a research question. The research question may be parallel to the hypothesis. The hypothesis is the supposition to be tested. The researcher(s) collects data to test the hypothesis. The researcher(s) then analyzes and interprets the data via a variety of statistical methods, engaging in what is known as Empirical research. The results of the data analysis in confirming or failing to reject the Null hypothesis are then reported and evaluated. At the end the researcher may discuss avenues for further research. Rudolph Rummel says, â€Å"†¦ no researcher should accept any one or two tests as definitive. It is only when a range of tests are consistent over many kinds of data, researchers, and methods can one have confidence in the results.†[11] Scientific research[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Scientific method Primary scientific research being carried out at the Microscopy Laboratory of the Idaho National Laboratory. Scientific research equipment at MIT. Generally, research is understood to follow a certain structural process. Though step order may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following steps are usually part of most formal research, both basic and applied: Observations and Formation of the topic: Consists of the subject area of ones interest and following that subject area to conduct subject related research. The subject area should not be randomly chosen since it requires reading a vast amount of literature on the topic to determine the gap in the literature the researcher intends to narrow. A keen interest in the chosen subject area is advisable. The research will have to be justified by linking its importance to already existing knowledge about the topic. Hypothesis: A testable prediction which designates the relationship between two or more variables. Conceptual definition: Description of a concept by relating it to other concepts. Operational definition: Details in regards to defining the variables and how they will be measured/assessed in the study. Gathering of data: Consists of identifying a population and selecting samples, gathering information from and/or about these samples by using specific research instruments. The instruments used for data collection must be valid and reliable. Analysis of data: Involves breaking down the individual pieces of data in order to draw conclusions about it. Data Interpretation: This can be represented through tables, figures and pictures, and then described in words. Test, revising of hypothesis Conclusion, reiteration if necessary A common misconception is that a hypothesis will be proven (see, rather, Null hypothesis). Generally a hypothesis is used to make predictions that can be tested by observing the outcome of an experiment. If the outcome is inconsistent with the hypothesis, then the hypothesis is rejected (see falsifiability). However, if the outcome is consistent with the hypothesis, the experiment is said to support the hypothesis. This careful language is used because researchers recognize that alternative hypotheses may also be consistent with the observations. In this sense, a hypothesis can never be proven, but rather only supported by surviving rounds of scientific testing and, eventually, becoming widely thought of as true. A useful hypothesis allows prediction and within the accuracy of observation of the time, the prediction will be verified. As the accuracy of observation improves with time, the hypothesis may no longer provide an accurate prediction. In this case a new hypothesis will arise to challenge the old, and to the extent that the new hypothesis makes more accurate predictions than the old, the new will supplant it. Researchers can also use a null hypothesis, which state no relationship or difference between the independent or dependent variables. A null hypothesis uses a sample of all possible people to make a conclusion about the population.[12] Historical method[edit source | editbeta] Main article: Historical method German historian Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886), considered to be one of the founders of modern source-based history. The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use historical sources and other evidence to research and then to write history. There are various history guidelines commonly used by historians in their work, under the headings of external criticism, internal criticism, and synthesis. This includes lower criticism and sensual criticism. Though items may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following concepts are part of most formal historical research:[13] Identification of origin date Evidence of localization Recognition of authorship Analysis of data Identification of integrity Attribution of credibility Research methods[edit source | editbeta] The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge or deepen understanding of a topic or issue. This process takes three main forms (although, as previously discussed, the boundaries between them may be obscure): Exploratory research, which helps to identify and define a problem or question. Constructive research, which tests theories and proposes solutions to a problem or question. Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence. The research room at the New York Public Library, an example of secondary research in progress. There are two major types of research design: qualitative research and quantitative research. Researchers choose qualitative or quantitative methods according to the nature of the research topic they want to investigate and the research questions they aim to answer: Maurice Hilleman is credited with saving more lives than any other scientist of the 20th century.[14] Qualitative research Understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. Asking a broad question and collecting data in the form of words, images, video etc that is analyzed searching for themes. This type of research aims to investigate a question without attempting to quantifiably measure variables or look to potential relationships between variables. It is viewed as more restrictive in testing hypotheses because it can be expensive and time consuming, and typically limited to a single set of research subjects[citation needed]. Qualitative research is often used as a method of exploratory research as a basis for later quantitative research hypotheses[citation needed]. Qualitative research is linked with the philosophical and theoretical stance of social constructionism. Quantitative research Systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships. Asking a narrow question and collecting numerical data to analyze utilizing statistical methods. The quantitative research designs are experimental, correlational, and survey (or descriptive).[15] Statistics derived from quantitative research can be used to establish the existence of associative or causal relationships between variables. Quantitative research is linked with the philosophical and theoretical stance of positivism. The Quantitative data collection methods rely on random sampling and structured data collection instruments that fit diverse experiences into predetermined response categories[citation needed]. These methods produce results that are easy to summarize, compare, and generalize[citation needed]. Quantitative research is concerned with testing hypotheses derived from theory and/or being able to estimate the size of a phenomenon of interest. Depending on the research question, participants may be randomly assigned to different treatments (this is the only way that a quantitative study can be considered a true experiment)[citation needed]. If this is not feasible, the researcher may collect data on participant and situational characteristics in order to statistically control for their influence on the dependent, or outcome, variable. If the intent is to generalize from the research participants to a larger population, the researcher will employ probability sampling to select participants.[16] In either qualitative or quantitative research, the researcher(s) may collect primary or secondary data. Primary data is data collected specifically for the research, such as through interviews or questionnaires. Secondary data is data that already exists, such as census data, which can be re-used for the research. It is good ethical research practice to use secondary data wherever possible.[17] Mixed-method research, i.e. research that includes qualitative and quantitative elements, using both primary and secondary data, is becoming more common.[18] Publishing[edit source | editbeta] Cover of the first issue of Nature, 4 November 1869. Academic publishing describes a system that is necessary in order for academic scholars to peer review the work and make it available for a wider audience. The system varies widely by field, and is also always changing, if often slowly. Most academic work is published in journal article or book form. There is also a large body of research that exists in either a thesis or dissertation form. These forms of research can be found in databases explicitly for theses and dissertations. In publishing, STM publishing is an abbreviation for academic publications in science, technology, and medicine. Most established academic fields have their own journals and other outlets for publication, though many academic journals are somewhat interdisciplinary, and publish work from several distinct fields or subfields. The kinds of publications that are accepted as contributions of knowledge or research vary greatly between fields; from the print to the electronic format. A study suggests that research ers should not give great consideration to findings that are not replicated frequently.[19] It has also been suggested that all published studies should be

The Arab-Israeli Conflict and Black-Jewish Relations

Arab/Israeli Conflict and Black-Jewish Relations: In the 1960s, Blacks and Jews had good relations and a good alliance as they both fought for civil rights together with Martin Luther King. However, the good relations and alliance soon unraveled after the sixth day of the joint war resulting in many Blacks accepting and radicalizing the Islamic religion. These people considered the Palestinians as their brothers because they shared the same skin color and religion. The good relations between Blacks and Jews was also affected by the thought that Jews were Zionist or pro-Israel by many Blacks. Notably, the main event that had a huge impact and effect on the Black-Jewish relations was the Arab-Israeli conflict. Black Jewish Relations: Blacks and Jews were natural allies who were able to automatically empathize with each others predicament since both groups were once slaves and were constant victims of discrimination and prejudice. As a result of their good relations, the Jewish people assumed that any attempt that was less than their good relations with Blacks was a betrayal of the communities who were sacredly working together to eradicate bias (Shapiro par, 6). In many cases, the Jewish people tended to disregard the significant sociological and historical differences between them and Blacks. The good relations between these two communities were also fueled by the belief by Black people that the Jewish American experience was not similar to theirs. 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